Early Animation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Early Animation - Essay Example Perhaps it is the silliness, the magic, or that it brings out the Kid in all of us. Regardless of the reason animation has become part of the American popular culture, as well as, all over the world. Although there have been a number of â€Å"animation† concepts developed in the earliest years of the industrial revolution, like Emil Reynaud in France at the turn of the 19th century and Thomas Edison. (McLaughlin 1). Peter Foldes, a Hungarian animator and artist demonstrated free hand drawings that represented early animation in Britain. John Whitney, an American inventor and animator invented the idea of placing the images on 3 layers and rotating tables and photographing them as they spin. However, it is true that animation can lay gratitude for its development, at least in part, to an experiment among well-to-do gentleman. In 1872 the Governor of California, Leland Stanford, wanted to prove that when a horse is in a trot or gallop at some point, all four feet were off the ground. In order to prove that scientifically he hired a photographer named Muybridge to photograph the horse’s movement frame by frame. As can be seen below in this famous set of pictures, that Stanford was quite right, there is a point in the horse’s stride where all four feet are off the ground. Much like a flip book we can take the images and speed them up little by little and the motion of the horse is essentially animated before you dependent on how fast the images are flipped (McLaughlin 1). Just about anybody can name dozens, if not hundreds, of cartoons, both television and big screen, however, most people do not know the differences between animation techniques and the styles of the different, famous animator and animation companies. The topic of animation, its history, concepts, formats, and styles from every era is a very broad one. In order, to understand those styles and techniques better it is best to address the

Municipal Budgtes Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Municipal Budgtes - Speech or Presentation Example Main types are line – item and program budgets (NACSLB 37). Thus, neither budgeting method is perfect as each serves a different purpose: such as performance maximization or objective – activity alignment. A perfect budget should satisfy twelve principles. As indicated in the definition of the budget process, these principles are creation of goals based on stakeholder analysis, their implementation, including efficiency analysis and adjustments (NACSLB, 1999, p.5). The first type is line – item budget. This approach arose at the beginning of the 20th century (Tyer & Willand). It lists categories of expenses, such as â€Å"personnel, operating and capital expenses† (Tyer & Willand). Incremental approach belongs to this type as well. In this approach, previous year’s budget is adjusted for legislative changes, price, wage inflation and any other change that might take place in the new fiscal year (Northern Ireland Assembly 5). Since changes take place on a marginal basis in comparison to the last year’s levels, the base, this method is called incremental budgeting (Northern Ireland Assembly 5). This method saves time and resources. ... Incremental budgeting method is based on negotiations and compromise (Northern Ireland Assembly 5). Wages and allocations of resources are negotiated, and oftentimes based on political decisions. As a result, this type of budgeting is efficient only if the political system is stable and transparent (Northern Ireland Assembly 5). Otherwise, the budget will favor few at the expense of the majority. Moreover, this method has several disadvantages. The first disadvantage is the fact that this method is backward looking since it is based on a previous year’s budget. As a result, it does not make adjustments for unexpected changes. Moreover, performance is hard to evaluate in this method, as it is based on compromise rather than standards such as cost minimization. Thus, data tend to be outdated, inconsistent with new priorities and say nothing about efficiency (O’Connor 2). Though still used even in some fire departments, such as the Muscatine Fire Department, efficiency mea surement capabilities of other methods make it an unattractive option (O’Connor 2). In response to line – item budget disadvantages, performance budgets were established in the 1950’s (Tyer & Willand). Such budgets emphasize activities, rather than items paid, and focus on connecting performance with allocation of resources (Tyer & Willand). As a result, each such budget must contain information on inputs, output, productivity or efficiency, and level of objective implementation, e.g. number of miles to be swept during the fiscal year (Morgan 6). Before budget design, objectives and measurement tools must be set up to evaluate each proposed activity. After